Mountains are hazardous places, even under conditions of natural climate variability. In the Hindu Kush Himalaya the key climate-related hazards were identified to be: Floods and flash floods; Landslides; Heavy snow and cold extremes; Avalanches; Wildfires; Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs); Reduced snow cover; Melting glaciers; Slow onset rising temperatures; and Ecosystems degradation.