Arctic Ocean surface temperatures

Consistent with the rapid retreat of sea ice, the surface waters of the Arctic Ocean have been warming in recent years, because declining sea-ice…

Antarctic references

Images of Antarctica (left) and Greenland (right) to scale. Antarctica is 50 per cent larger than the United States or Europe. Greenland is 7…

Regional distribution of sea-level trends 1950-2003

Satellite altimeter data has revealed that sea level is not rising uniformly.

Thermohaline circulation

If the large-scale ocean circulation is disturbed by processes altering heat and salinity in the Arctic Ocean, the consequences may be felt worldwide. The…

Surface temperature

At the regional, ocean basin scale, the area between the insulating sea-ice cover and the open ocean (known as the ice margin) is characterized…

Global carbon storage in soils

Arctic terrestrial ecosystems will continue to take up carbon, but warming and changes in surface hydrology will cause a far greater release of carbon.

Near surface temperature

Summary of arctic amplification depicted from one of the climate models participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC 2007).

Surface temperature degree

Antarctic Greenland

Arctic Ocean

Left panel: Schematic of the Arctic Ocean, central basin (Canada and Eurasian basins) and arctic continental shelves (with approximate boundaries for each Arctic Ocean…

Radiation

Arctic sea ice and atmospheric circulation.

Glacier mass balance

Glacier mass loss has been observed across the Arctic, consistent with the global trend.