Actual and projected energy demand

Projected growth in energy demand in coming decades.

Larimichthys polyactis catch in early 2000s and predicted catch shift

(a) Current (early 2000s) and (b) climate-shifted distributions of the small yellow croaker Larimichthys polyactis (Sciaenidae). The climate-shifted distribution was predicted by a dynamic…

Species turnover

Change in the initial species richness in 2005 relative to 2001-2005 average (high-range climate change scenario). Studies predict species invasion will be profound in…

Thermohaline circulation

Thermohaline circulation is a 3-dimensional flow involving surface and deep ocean waters, which is driven by differences in water temperature and salinity. (Image source:…

Blue carbon sink

The carbon captured by living organisms in oceans is stored in the form of sediments from mangroves, salt marshes and seagrasses. Benefiting from the…

Sea ice anomaly in Northern Hemisphere

Arctic sea-ice reductions have significant impacts on climate, wildlife and communities. The opening of open water across the Arctic ocean will have unknown consequences…

Atmospheric circulation patterns

Carbon cycling in the world’s oceans. The flow of carbon dioxide across the air-sea interface is a function of CO2 solubility in sea water…

Global ocean acidification

As carbon concentrations in the atmosphere increase, so do concentrations in the ocean, with resultant acidification as a natural chemical process.

Vulnerability of national economies to potential climate-induced changes in fisheries

Comparative vulnerability of national economies to climate impacts on fisheries. Vulnerability of national economies of potential climate change impacts on fisheries (which integrates exposure,…

Seagrass

Distribution of the world's blue carbon sinks (seagrasses).

Fish catch

The worlds most productive fishing grounds are confined to major hotspots in around 7.5% of the ocean surface, where over half of the fish…

Current valuation estimates of blue carbon sink

Although coastal ecosystems are already among the most valuable on the planet, the current estimates of the economic value for some of the oceans…