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Drivers of the circular economy approach in wastewater management
The circular economy approach in wastewater management is applied through the diverse wastewater reuse or recycling options that are being practised all over the…
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Use of weirs and reservoirs
Many low-cost technologies and practices can significantly reduce health risks on- and off-farm. As part of on-farm measures, use of ponds, weirs and reservoirs,…
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Common on-farm ponds use in West Africa
Many low-cost technologies and practices can significantly reduce health risks on- and off-farm. As part of on-farm measures, use of ponds, weirs and reservoirs,…
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Outline of a circular economy
The circular economy is a preferred alternative to the linear wastewater and solid waste management approach of “store/collect, transport, treat, dispose”. It aims at…
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A typical example of the sanitation service chain with variation for urban and rural areas
Six types of circular economy are common to Africa, including treated water reuse for agriculture, reclaimed sewer wastewater for potable use, treated wastewater for…
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Financial flows in the Fortifer business
Under the public-private partnership arrangement, Jekora Ventures agreed the following implementation conditions with the Tema Metropolitan assembly: • the private entity bears the operation…
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Steps in the Fortifer production process
The Fortifer production plant in Tema and the Safi Sana production plant in Ashiaman, Ghana, are examples of non-sewered wastewater that is recycled for…
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Reduction of faecal coliforms on lettuce following application of risk-mitigation measures for safe wastewater irrigation
Implementing good post-harvest handling practices, such as washing by traders and processors (restaurants or households), can further improve the quality of farm produce. Experiences…
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Faecal coliform and helminth eggs over time in an on-farm pond in Kumasi
Figure shows the pathogen concentration as a function of the water retention time in a pond, though these solutions may not always be financially…
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WHO’s multi-barrier approach to reduce health risks in wastewater reuse
In general, only 10 per cent of the wastewater generated in the world receives some form of treatment (Thebo et al. 2017). Africa has…
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CEA 5 business model
Untreated wastewater is used for crop irrigation, usually in an uncontrolled and unregulated manner. This practice can be made safe by setting up risk…
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Stakeholder diagram for Durban Water Recycling
Figure presents a stakeholder diagram for the Durban wastewater recycling project. The total investment in the project was R72 million (US$4.858 million). Equity from…