Schematic layout of domestic wastewater treatment plant at Atlantis Water Resources Management Scheme

Initially, all wastewater was treated in a single wastewater treatment plant and all the treated effluent was used for artificial recharge. In 1986, this…

Sequence of operations of the Atlantis Water Resources Management Scheme

The Atlantis model is based on artificial groundwater recharge as a water management tool for bulk water supply in southern Africa. This involves management…

Technical functions in a sustainable sanitation and wastewater value chain

There are different options available to reduce wastewater contamination. Wastewater can be reduced in volume and can also be treated to remove pathogens and…

Wastewater reuse as part of natural water cycles

If regarded as a resource, wastewater can be treated, recycled and reused to minimize its adverse effect on the ecosystem and the health of…

Eutrophic and hypoxic coastal areas of Africa

Population increase in the coastal zone results in a high amount of waste generated with concomitant pollution of the coastal and marine ecosystems. Physical…

Percentage of global population with access to improved sanitation (2015)

McCarthy et al. (2012) noted that urban storm water is one of the largest sources of contaminants for surface waters. The microbiological pollution most…

Sources of groundwater contamination

Some of the common contamination sources of groundwater include untreated waste from septic tanks, toxic chemicals from underground storage tanks and seepage from leaky…

Summary of areas affected by cyanobacteria blooms in Africa

Eutrophication is characterized by a rapid increase in plant life that can lead to algal blooms that stop sunlight from penetrating the water body,…

Sources of heavy metals in soil

Wastewater use in agriculture can result in the contamination of soil, crops and water sources. There is an inherent risk of contamination having harmful…

Sources and sinks of heavy metals

Wastewater is used in agriculture in many parts of Africa and this practice has implications for both human and ecosystem health. Heavy metals in…

Wastewater categories and sources

The composition of municipal wastewater can vary considerably, reflecting the range of contaminants released by various domestic, industrial, commercial and institutional sources. There are…

Wastewaster reuse in the world

Adequate wastewater treatment, proper sanitation provision and solid waste management are essential for preventing degradation of the environment and the potential consequences on human…