The cost of missing toilets

While the availability of toilets often translates to use of the facilities, there are situations where toilets are hardly used for various reasons. Where…

Improved versus unimproved sanitation

A good toilet provides a healthy, safe and dignified place for people to relieve themselves, as well as an environmentally sound method of waste…

Sustainable Development Goals 6

Universal access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation and hygiene (collectively referred to as WASH) are the focus of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)…

Potential environmental and health risks of using wastewater

The use of wastewater in agriculture can have significant benefits, increasing yields and providing a year-round source of water in areas of water scarcity.…

The pathways for faecal-oral disease transmission

Improving WASH involves creating barriers to limit the spread of pathogens, especially those contained in human and animal faeces. These barriers include managing faeces…

Cholera outbreak in Zimbabwe – September 2018

Epidemics are often associated with natural disasters, most notably floods or periods of heavy rain, when sanitation systems overflow and contaminate water sources and…

Picture from cyclone Idai in Zimbabwe

The damage due to cyclone Idai was felt beyond Mozambique. According to Chatiza (2019), when cyclone Idai struck Zimbabwe in March 2019, it affected…

The sanitation cityscape conceptual framework

The fragmented, complex and disconnected nature of arrangements within and between sanitation infrastructure provision and service delivery sectors, along with increasing interdependence between sectors,…

Institutional framework of Egypt’s water supply and sanitation sector

Egypt has established a specific water sector regulator solely dedicated to monitoring service provision. Challenges reported in this set up include overlapping responsibilities, lack…

Organogram of water resources management, water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe

At the national level, government ministries such as those responsible for water, agriculture, environment, local government, energy and health may all have a mandate…

The relationship of SDG 6 with other SDGs

Under Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, governments are committed to targets for clean water and sanitation by 2030, including universal and equitable access to…

Water contamination

Untreated wastewater has implications for the health of both humans and ecosystems. In the seas and oceans, deoxygenated ‘dead zones’ caused by nutrient loading…